Military spending and CO2 emissions: Empirical findings from countries with highest per capita military spending
Vol. 16, No 2, 2023
Waldemar Tarczyński
University of Szczecin, Poland waldemar.tarczynski@usz.edu.pl ORCID 0000-0003-0499-7680 |
Military spending and CO2 emissions: Empirical findings from countries with highest per capita military spending |
Łukasz Roman
University of Justice, Warsaw, Poland lukasz.roman@swws.edu.pl ORCID 0000-0002-4159-3557 Krzysztof Rejman
Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland k.rejman@prz.edu.pl ORCID 0000-0001-6790-8775 Raufhon Salahodjaev
Akfa University, Uzbekistan, Tashkent State University of Economics, Uzbeksitan salahodjaev@gmail.com ORCID 0000-0002-5578-811X Sardor Azam
Akfa University, Uzbekistan sazam@wiut.uz
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Abstract. This study aims to contribute to existing research on CO2 emissions by focusing on military spending. We use data from 47 countries with the highest levels of per capita military spending over the period from 2000 to 2015. The results from the two-stage GMM estimator suggest a positive relationship between defence spending and CO2 emissions: 1% increase in per capita military spending leads to a 0.05% increase in CO2 emissions per capita. GDP per capita has an inverted U-shaped relationship with CO2 emissions, which confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Renewable energy is also found to mitigate CO2 emissions. Some policy implications of this study are discussed. |
Received: December, 2022 1st Revision: February, 2023 Accepted: May, 2023 |
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DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/14
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JEL Classification: Q50 |
Keywords: CO2 emissions, renewable energy, military spending |